Domination and the Arts of Resistance Hidden Transcripts Pdf

American political scientist and anthropologist (born 1936)

James C. Scott
Scott in 2016
Born	(1936-12-02) December 2, 1936 (age 85) Mount Holly, New Bailiwick of jersey[1]
Alma mater	Williams College Yale University
Scientific career
Fields	Political science, anthropology
Institutions	University of Wisconsin Yale University
Doctoral students	Ben Kerkvliet Melissa Nobles Erik Ringmar Eric Tagliacozzo
Influences	Marc Bloch • Alexander Chayanov • John Dunn • Antonio Gramsci • Eric Hobsbawm • C. Wright Mills • Barrington Moore • Karl Polanyi • E.P. Thompson • Eric Wolf • Pierre Clastres • Ranajit Guha

James C. Scott (born Dec 2, 1936)^[2] is an American political scientist and anthropologist specializing in comparative politics. He is a comparative scholar of agrarian and non-state societies, subaltern politics, and anarchism. His primary research has centered on peasants of Southeast Asia and their strategies of resistance to diverse forms of domination.^[3] The New York Times described his research as "highly influential and idiosyncratic".^[iv]

Scott received his available's caste from Williams College and his MA and PhD in political science from Yale. He taught at the University of Wisconsin–Madison until 1976 and then at Yale, where he is Sterling Professor of Political Science. Since 1991 he has directed Yale'southward Program in Agrarian Studies.^[5] He lives in Durham, Connecticut, where he once raised sheep.^{[3] [6]}

Early on life and career [edit]

Scott was born in Mount Holly, New Jersey, in 1936.^[7] He attended the Moorestown Friends School, a Quaker Mean solar day School, and in 1953 matriculated at Williams College in Massachusetts.^[6] On the communication of Indonesia scholar William Hollinger he wrote an honors thesis on the economic evolution of Burma.^[6] Scott received his bachelor'southward caste from Williams College in 1958, and his PhD in political science from Yale Academy in 1967.^[7]

Upon graduation, Scott received a Rotary International Fellowship to study in Burma, where he was recruited past an American pupil activist who had become an anti-communist organizer for the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Scott agreed to do reporting for the bureau, and at the finish of his fellowship, took a post in the Paris office of the National Student Association, which accepted CIA money and management in working against communist-controlled global student movements over the next few years.^[8] Scott began graduate study in political science at Yale in 1961. His dissertation on political ideology in Malaysia, which was supervised past Robert Due east. Lane, analyzed interviews with Malaysian civil servants. In 1967, he took a position equally an assistant professor in political scientific discipline at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. As a Southeast Asia specialist teaching during the Vietnam State of war, he offered popular courses on the state of war and peasant revolutions.^[9] In 1976, having earned tenure at Madison, Scott returned to Yale and settled on a farm in Durham, Connecticut with his wife. They started with a small farm, then purchased a larger one nearby in the early 1980s and began raising sheep for their wool.^[9] Since 2011, the pastures on the subcontract take been grazed by ii Highland cattle, named Fife and Dundee.

Scott's offset books were based on archival research. He is an influential scholar of ethnographic fieldwork.^[10] He is unusual for conducting his main ethnographic fieldwork simply after receiving tenure. To research his third book, Weapons of the Weak, Scott spent fourteen months in a village in Kedah, Malaysia between 1978 and 1980.^[11] When he had finished a draft, he returned for two months to solicit villagers' impressions of his depiction, and significantly revised the book based on their criticisms and insight.^{[ix] [11]}

Major works [edit]

James Scott's work focuses on the ways that subaltern people resist domination.

The Moral Economy of the Peasant [edit]

During the Vietnam War, Scott took an interest in Vietnam and wrote The Moral Economy of the Peasant: Rebellion and Subsistence in Southeast Asia (1976) about the ways peasants resisted authority. His main argument is that peasants prefer the patron-client relations of the "moral economy", in which wealthier peasants protect weaker ones. When these traditional forms of solidarity break down due to the introduction of market forces, rebellion (or revolution) is likely. Samuel Popkin, in his volume The Rational Peasant (1979), tried to refute this statement, showing that peasants are besides rational actors who adopt free markets to exploitation by local elites. Scott and Popkin thus stand for two radically different positions in the formalist–substantivist debate in political anthropology.^[12]

Weapons of the Weak [edit]

In Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance (1985) Scott expanded his theories to peasants in other parts of the world. Scott's theories are often contrasted with Gramscian ideas about hegemony. Confronting Gramsci, Scott argues that the everyday resistance of subalterns shows that they have not consented to dominance.^[11]

Domination and the Arts of Resistance [edit]

In Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Subconscious Transcripts (1990) argues that subordinate groups employ strategies of resistance that get unnoticed. He terms this "infrapolitics." Scott describes the public interactions between dominators and oppressed equally a "public transcript" and the critique of power that goes on offstage as a "hidden transcript." Groups under domination—from bonded labor to sexual violence—thus cannot be understood only by their outward appearances. In gild to written report the systems of domination, careful attending is paid to what lies beneath the surface of evident, public behavior. In public, those that are oppressed accept their domination, but they always question their domination offstage. On the event of a publicization of this "hidden transcript", oppressed classes openly assume their speech, and become conscious of its mutual status.^[13]

Seeing Like a State [edit]

Scott'southward volume Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human being Status Have Failed (1998) saw his kickoff major foray into political science. In it, he showed how central governments try to force legibility on their subjects, and neglect to see complex, valuable forms of local social order and knowledge. A primary theme of this book, illustrated by his celebrated examples, is that states operate systems of power toward 'legibility' in club to 'see' their subjects correctly in a top-down, modernist, model that is flawed, problematic, and often ends poorly for subjects. The goal of local 'legibility' by the land is 'transparency' from the top down, from the top of the tower or the center/seat of the regime, then the country can effectively operate upon their subjects. The details and arguments dilate Foucault's fundamental notions of governmentality and operations of power.

Scott uses examples like the introduction of permanent last names in Dandy Britain, cadastral surveys in French republic, and standard units of measure across Europe to debate that a reconfiguration of social club is necessary for state scrutiny, and requires the simplification of pre-existing, natural arrangements. In the case of concluding names, Scott cites a Welsh human being who appeared in court and identified himself with a long string of patronyms: "John, ap Thomas ap William" etc. In his local village, this naming system carried a lot of information, because people could place him equally the son of Thomas and grandson of William, and thus distinguish him from the other Johns, the other children of Thomas, and the other grandchildren of William. Notwithstanding it was of less utilise to the cardinal regime, which did not know Thomas or William. The court demanded that John take a permanent terminal name (in this example, the name of his village). This helped the central government keep track of its subjects, but it lost local information.

Scott argues that in order for schemes to improve the human condition to succeed, they must have into account local weather condition, and that the high-modernist ideologies of the 20th century take prevented this. He highlights collective farms in the Soviet Wedlock, the building of Brasilia, and Prussian forestry techniques as examples of failed schemes.^[xiv]

The Art of Non Being Governed [edit]

In The Fine art of Not Being Governed: An Anarchist History of Upland Southeast Asia, Scott addresses the question of how certain groups in the mountainous jungles of Southeast Asia managed to avoid a package of exploitation centered around the state, taxation, and grain cultivation. Certain aspects of their guild seen by outsiders as backward (due east.g., express literacy and employ of written language) were in fact part of the "Arts" referenced in the title: limiting literacy meant lower visibility to the country. Scott'southward main statement is that these people are "barbaric by design": their social arrangement, geographical location, subsistence practices and culture accept been carved to discourage states to annex them to their territories. Addressing identity in the Introduction, he wrote:

...All identities, without exception, have been socially constructed: the Han, the Burman, the American, the Danish, all of them ... To the degree that the identity is stigmatized by the larger state or gild, information technology is probable to become for many a resistant and defiant identity. Here invented identities combine with cocky-making of a heroic kind, in which such identifications become a badge of honour ...

—(pp. xii-iii.)

Against the Grain [edit]

Published in August 2017, Against the Grain: A Deep History of the Primeval States is an account of new bear witness for the beginnings of the earliest civilizations that contradict the standard narrative. Scott explores why we avoided sedentism and plow agriculture; the advantages of mobile subsistence; the unforeseeable epidemics arising from crowding plants, animals, and grain; and why all early states are based on millets, cereal grains and unfree labor. He also discusses the "barbarians" who long evaded country command, equally a way of agreement continuing tension between states and non discipline peoples.^[15]

Other works [edit]

In Two Cheers for Anarchism: Half-dozen Easy Pieces on Autonomy, Nobility, and Meaningful Work and Play from 2012 Scott says that "Defective a comprehensive anarchist worldview and philosophy, and in whatever instance wary of nomothetic ways of seeing, I am making a case for a sort of anarchist squint. What I aim to evidence is that if you put on agitator glasses and wait at the history of popular movements, revolutions, ordinary politics, and the state from that bending, sure insights will appear that are obscured from almost whatever other angle. It will also go credible that anarchist principles are agile in the aspirations and political action of people who have never heard of riot or anarchist philosophy."^[16]

Awards and fellowships [edit]

Scott is a Young man of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and has been awarded resident fellowships at the Eye for Avant-garde Report in the Behavioral Sciences, the Institute for Advanced Study, and the Science, Applied science and Society Programme at M.I.T.^[17] He has also received research grants from the National Science Foundation, the National Endowment for the Humanities, and the Guggenheim Foundation, and was president of the Association for Asian Studies in 1997. In 2020 he was elected to the American Philosophical Club.^[xviii]

Selected bibliography [edit]

(Annotation: excludes edited volumes.)

• Against the Grain: A Deep History of the Primeval States. 2017
• Decoding subaltern politics. Ideology, disguise, and resistance in agrarian politics. Routledge, 2012 (Disquisitional Asian scholarship ; eight) ISBN 978-0-415-53975-three
• Two Thanks for Riot: Six Easy Pieces on Autonomy, Nobility, and Meaningful Work and Play. Princeton University Printing, 2012 ISBN 978-0-691-15529-6
• The Art of Not Existence Governed: An Anarchist History of Upland Southeast Asia. Yale University Press, 2009 ISBN 978-0-300-15228-9
• Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Status Take Failed. Yale University Press, 1998 ISBN 978-0-300-07016-3
• Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts. Yale University Press, 1990 ISBN 978-0-300-04705-9
• Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance. Yale Academy Printing, 1985 ISBN 978-0-300-03336-6
• The Moral Economy of the Peasant: Rebellion and Subsistence in Southeast Asia. Yale University Press, 1979 ISBN 978-0-300-01862-2
• Comparative Political Corruption. Prentice-Hall, 1972 ISBN 978-0-13-179036-0

See as well [edit]

• Societal plummet
• Zomia

References [edit]

1. ^ Munck, Gerardo Fifty.; Snyder, Richard (2007). "Peasants, Power, and the Art of Resistance". Passion, Craft, and Method in Comparative Politics. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Printing. ISBN978-0-8018-8464-1.
2. ^ "James C. SCOTT". Secretariat of the Fukuoka Prize Committee. Retrieved August ten, 2017.
3. ^ ^{a b} Schuessler, Jennifer (December 5, 2012). "James C. Scott: Farmer and Scholar of Anarchism". New York Times . Retrieved February 24, 2015.
4. ^ Schuessler, Jennifer. "James C. Scott, Farmer and Scholar of Anarchism". Retrieved August 20, 2018.
5. ^ "Academic Prize 2010, Award Citation". Fukuoka Prize. 2010. Retrieved February 24, 2015.
6. ^ ^{a b c} Scott, James C. (March 26, 2009). "James Scott interviewed past Alan Macfarlane" (Interview: video). Vol. i. Interviewed by Alan Macfarlane. Cambridge, England. Retrieved November 26, 2014.
7. ^ ^{a b} Munck, Gerardo L.; Snyder, Richard (2007). Passion, Craft, and Method in Comparative Politics. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 352. ISBN978-0-8018-8464-1.
8. ^ Paget, Karen M. (2015). Patriotic Expose: The Inside Story of the CIA'south Undercover Campaign to Enroll American Students in the Crusade Against Communism. New Haven, CT: Yale Academy Press. pp. 235, 395, 407–408. Retrieved April 22, 2015.
9. ^ ^{a b c} Scott, James C. (March 26, 2009). "James Scott interviewed by Alan Macfarlane" (Interview: video). Vol. 2. Interviewed by Alan Macfarlane. Cambridge, England. Retrieved November 26, 2014.
10. ^ Wedeen, Lisa (May ane, 2010). "Reflections on Ethnographic Work in Political Scientific discipline". Annual Review of Political Science. 13 (1): 255–272. doi:x.1146/annurev.polisci.11.052706.123951. ISSN 1094-2939.
11. ^ ^{a b c} Scott, James C. (1985). Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance . New Haven: Yale University Printing. ISBN978-0-300-03641-1.
12. ^ Scott, James C. (September x, 1977). The Moral Economy of the Peasant: Rebellion and Subsistence in Southeast Asia. ISBN978-0-300-18555-iii.
13. ^ Scott, James C. (1990). Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts. ISBN978-0-300-05669-three.
14. ^ Scott, James C. (1998). Seeing Like a State: How Sure Schemes to Meliorate the Human being Status Take Failed. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
15. ^ "Against the Grain". yalebooks.yale.edu. Yale University Printing. Retrieved September 12, 2017.
16. ^ Scott, James C. (2012). Two Cheers for Anarchism: Six Like shooting fish in a barrel Pieces on Autonomy, Dignity, and Meaningful Work and Play. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Printing.
17. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on nine November 2012. Retrieved 5 December 2012. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
18. ^ "The American Philosophical Society Welcomes New Members for 2020". American Philosophical Society. May five, 2020.

External links [edit]

• Homepage at Yale
• James Scott explores governance in the Southeast Asian highlands at Asia Society, November 2010 (w/ video)
• interviewed by Alan Macfarlane 26th March 2009 followed by his Mellon Lecture given in Cambridge
• Interview with James Scott by Theory Talks, May 2010
• Interviewed by Benjamin Ferron and Claire Oger 20th June 2018 (The Conversation)

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_C._Scott

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